In 1865, the Cleveland Leader boasted that ''an indication of the civilized spirit of the city of Cleveland is found in the fact that colored children attend ou

A study of African Americans in Ohio-notably, Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati. Giffin argues that the "color line" in Ohio hardened as the Great Migration g

This powerful and disturbing book clearly links persistent poverty among blacks in the United States to the unparalleled degree of deliberate segregation they e

An interest in the history of African American entrepreneurship has produced a number of studies of economic development on the national level, but very few hav

Other historians have tended to treat black urban life mainly in relation to the ghetto experience, but in Black Milwaukee, Joe William Trotter Jr. offers a new