This research paper is aimed at understanding why border trade policies are today complemented with behind-the-border policies like output subsidies, R&D subsid

Informal cross-border trade (ICBT) represents a prominent phenomenon in Africa. Several studies suggest that for certain products and countries, the value of in

Provides a contemporary overview of key issues related to non-tariff trade policy measures and domestic regulation.

'In the last decade trade costs have been a subject of intense study in the international trade literature. Richard Pomfret and Patricia Sourdin provide a timel

Border clearance processes by customs and other agencies are among the most important and problematic links in the global supply chain. Delays and costs at the