This volume offers insights into the role of private supplementary tutoring in the Middle East, and its far-reaching implications for social structures and main

In all parts of Asia, households devote considerable expenditures to private supplementary tutoring. This tutoring may contribute to students' achievement, but

This book focuses on the so-called shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring. In parts of East Asia it has long existed on a large scale and it

Shadow education, the practice of private tutoring outside formal schooling, has become pervasive in Asia. Driven by intense exam competition and dissatisfactio

Private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education because of the way that it mimics mainstream schooling, has greatly expanded worldwide. It cons